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José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (Spanish pronunciation: [xoˈse ðe sam maɾˈtin] ⓘ; 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850), nicknamed "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru", [1] was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.
In December 1817, a popular referendum was set up to decide about the Independence of Chile. However, Royalist resistance persisted in southern Chile, allied with the Mapuches. On April 4, Argentine Colonel Juan Gregorio de Las Heras had occupied Concepción, but the Royalists retreated to Talcahuano.
A combined army of Argentine soldiers and Chilean exiles crossed the Andes mountains, which separate Argentina from Chile, to invade Chile, leading to its liberation from Spanish rule. Led by General José de San Martín and departing from Mendoza—then part of the Province of Cuyo, Argentina—in January 1817, the successful crossing took 21 ...
Uruguay gained independence from Spain, was annexed by the Empire of Brazil, then regained independence in 1825. 14 United Provinces of the Río de la Plata: Argentina: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata: 9 July 1816 Argentine wars of independence: 15 State of Chile Chile: Captaincy General of Chile: 12 February 1818 Chilean wars of ...
Although Moderates—who continued advocating political control of the elites and greater autonomy without a complete rupture from Spain—gained the majority of seats, a vocal minority was formed by Extremist revolutionaries who now wanted complete and instant independence from Spain. The Real Audiencia of Chile, a long-standing pillar of ...
The government of Spain is defeated by French forces and the Supreme Central and Governing Junta was replaced by the Regency; The Cortes of Cádiz convenes in Spain; An open cabildo in Buenos Aires deposes the viceroy and creates a government junta. Córdoba rejects the Junta of Buenos Aires. Liniers leads a counter-revolution, which is defeated.
Blacks represented two thirds of the soldiers in the Army of the Andes. They were estimated at between 2,000 and 3,000 Argentine freedmen who crossed the Andes to Chile in 1817 with San Martin's force. Black troops were mainly recruited from freed former slaves, which Lynch estimates at a figure of 1,554 freedmen.
The Guayaquil conference (1822) between Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín, the greatest libertadores (liberators) of Spanish America.. Libertadores (Spanish pronunciation: [liβeɾtaˈðoɾes] ⓘ, "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence from Spain and of the movement in support of Brazilian independence from Portugal.