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Electronic data interchange is a successful implementation of commercial data exchanges that began in the late 1970s and remains in use today. [5] Some controversy comes when discussing regulations regarding information exchange. [6] Initiatives to standardize information sharing protocols include extensible markup language , simple object ...
Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes. Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing [3] and prevent the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on data ...
Data integration refers to the process of combining, sharing, or synchronizing data from multiple sources to provide users with a unified view. [1] There are a wide range of possible applications for data integration, from commercial (such as when a business merges multiple databases) to scientific (combining research data from different bioinformatics repositories).
Information capital is a concept which asserts that information has intrinsic value which can be shared and leveraged within and between organizations. Information capital connotes that sharing information is a means of sharing power, supporting personnel, and optimizing working processes. [1]
Syntactic heterogeneity: is a result of differences in representation format of data; Schematic or structural heterogeneity: the native model or structure to store data differ in data sources leading to structural heterogeneity. Schematic heterogeneity that particularly appears in structured databases is also an aspect of structural heterogeneity.
Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data accessed through the use of a "database management system" (DBMS), which is an integrated set of computer software that allows users to interact with one or more databases and provides access to all of the data contained in the database (although restrictions may exist that limit access to particular data).
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The data were extracted from Web of Science database on 2023-01-30. The adoption of Open Access publishing varies significantly from publisher to publisher, as shown in Fig. OA-Plot, where only the oldest (traditional) publishers are shown, but not the newer publishers, that use the Open Access model exclusively.