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Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdrawn from the market after approval. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents.
Terbinafine is an antifungal medication used to ... liver damage, liver failure; Immune system problems ... mg/day for two weeks each followed by a drug-free period ...
Before oral antifungal therapies are used to treat nail disease, a confirmation of the fungal infection should be made. [36] Approximately half of suspected cases of fungal infection in nails have a non-fungal cause. [36] The side effects of oral treatment are significant and people without an infection should not take these drugs. [36]
Oral ketoconazole has side effects, too. In 2016, the FDA limited the use of Nizoral oral tablets due to a potential risk of liver and adrenal damage. In some cases, these pills may be deemed ...
Ketoconazole has activity against many kinds of fungi that may cause human disease, such as Candida, Histoplasma, Coccidioides, and Blastomyces (although it is not active against Aspergillus), chromomycosis and paracoccidioidomycosis. [23] [13] First made in 1977, [20] ketoconazole was the first orally-active azole antifungal medication. [23]
Common side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, rash, and increased liver enzymes. [5] Serious side effects may include liver problems, QT prolongation, and seizures. [5] During pregnancy it may increase the risk of miscarriage while large doses may cause birth defects. [6] [5] Fluconazole is in the azole antifungal family of medication. [5]
The semisynthetic pneumocandin analogs of echinocandins were later found to have the same kind of antifungal activity, but low toxicity. The first of these newer echinocandins to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration was caspofungin, and later micafungin and anidulafungin were also approved.
Itraconazole is a relatively well-tolerated drug (although not as well tolerated as fluconazole or voriconazole) and the range of adverse effects it produces is similar to the other azole antifungals: [22] elevated alanine aminotransferase levels are found in 4% of people taking itraconazole