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Jewish communities have existed across the Middle East and North Africa since classical antiquity.By the time of the early Muslim conquests in the seventh century, these ancient communities had been ruled by various empires and included the Babylonian, Persian, Carthaginian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Ottoman and Yemenite Jews.
Bruder, Édith: Black Jews of Africa, Oxford 2008. Kurinsky, Samuel: Jews in Africa: Ancient Black African Relations, Fact Paper 19-II. Dierk Lange: "Origin of the Yoruba and the "Lost Tribes of Israel", Anthropos, 106, 2011, 579–595. Parfitt, Tudor (2002) The Lost Tribes of Israel: the History of a Myth. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Within three years (1948 to 1951), immigration doubled the Jewish population of Israel and left an indelible imprint on Israeli society. [290] [291] Overall, 700,000 Jews settled in Israel during this period. [292] Some 300,000 arrived from Asian and North African nations as part of the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. [293]
Jews lived side by side with Berbers, forging both economic and cultural ties; some Berbers even began to practice Judaism. In response, the Berbers' spirituality transformed Jewish rituals, painting it with a belief in the power of demons and saints. When the Muslims swept across the North of Africa, Jews and Berbers jointly defied them.
At the time of the Muslim conquests of the 7th century, ancient Jewish communities had existed in many parts of the Middle East and North Africa since Antiquity. Jews under Islamic rule were given the status of dhimmi, along with Christians and certain other pre-Islamic religious groups. [21]
Jews of Israel comprise an increasingly mixed wide range of Jewish communities making aliyah from Europe, North Africa, and elsewhere in the Middle East. While a significant portion of Israeli Jews still retain memories of their Sephardic, Ashkenazi and Mizrahi origins, mixed Jewish marriages among the communities are very common.
Maghrebi Jews lived in multiple communities in North Africa for over 2,000 years, [2] with the oldest Jewish communities present during Roman times and possibly as early as within Punic colonies of the Ancient Carthage period. [3] Under early Muslim rule, Jews flourished in major urban centers across the region.
The Muslim conquerors established a primary military base in Jabiyah, an encampment in eastern Golan that was previously the capital of the Ghassanids. [30] According to one source, the initial Muslim force that arrived in Jabiyah comprised about 24,000 soldiers. [30] However, following the plague of Amwas, only 4,000 remained.