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The concepts of syn and anti addition are used to characterize the different reactions of organic chemistry by reflecting the stereochemistry of the products in a reaction. The type of addition that occurs depends on multiple different factors of a reaction, and is defined by the final orientation of the substituents on the parent molecule .
syn/anti peri/clinal. a torsion angle between 0° and ±90° is called syn (s) a torsion angle between ±90° and 180° is called anti (a) a torsion angle between 30° and 150° or between −30° and −150° is called clinal (c) a torsion angle between 0° and ±30° or ±150° and 180° is called periplanar (p)
Anti-periplanar geometry will put a bonding orbital and an anti-bonding orbital approximately parallel to each other, or syn-periplanar. Figure 6 is another representation of 2-chloro-2,3-dimethylbutane (Figure 5), showing the C–H bonding orbital, σ C–H, and the C–Cl anti-bonding orbital, σ* C–Cl, syn-periplanar.
English: Chemical diagram of zincophorin showing syn and anti 1,3-diols. Date: 20 October 2024: Source: Own work: Author: User:Innerstream: Permission (Reusing this file)
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A staggered projection appears to have the surrounding species equidistant from each other. This kind of conformation tends to experience both anti and gauche interactions. [5] Anti interactions refer to the molecules (usually of the same type) sitting exactly opposite of each other at 180° on the Newman projection. [5]