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2. Punchcutting - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punchcutting

   Punchcutting is a craft used in traditional typography to cut letter punches in steel as the first stage of making metal type. [1] Steel punches in the shape of the letter would be used to stamp matrices into copper, which were locked into a mould shape to cast type. Cutting punches and casting type was the first step of traditional typesetting ...

3. Hole punch - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hole_punch

   Triohålning punch and punched paper. In Sweden, a four-hole national standard [7] is almost exclusively used. The centers of the holes are 21 mm, 70 mm and 21 mm apart, 10.5 ± 0.5 mm from the edge of the paper. The guides help keep the paper in a straight line.

4. Punching - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punching

   The punch force required to punch a piece of sheet metal can be estimated from the following equation: [4] F = 0.7 t L ( U T S ) {\displaystyle F=0.7tL(UTS)} Where t is the sheet metal thickness, L is the total length sheared (perimeter of the shape), and UTS is the ultimate tensile strength of the material.

5. Wheatstone system - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheatstone_system

   The paper punches were labelled with numbers: 1 for the top hole of the dot, 2 for the sprocket hole for dot, and 3 for the bottom hole for dot. When a dash was punched, extra hole punches to the right punched a centre hole with number 4 and a bottom hole with number 5. [2] The perforator was introduced in 1867. [6]

6. Blanking and piercing - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanking_and_piercing

   The punch/die clearance is a crucial parameter, which determines the load at the cutting edge of the tool, commonly known as point pressure. Excessive point pressure can accelerate tool wear. The surface quality of the trimmed piece is affected by the clearance, too.

7. Punch (tool) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_(tool)

   A center punch is used to mark the center of a point. It is usually used to mark the center of a hole when drilling holes. A drill has the tendency to "wander" if it does not start in a recess. A center punch forms a large enough dimple to "guide" the tip of the drill. The tip of a center punch has an angle between 60 and 90 degrees. [1]