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When atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2), or carbonate ions (HCO − 3, CO 2− 3 dissolved in water) diffuse into concrete from its external surface, they react with calcium hydroxide (portlandite, Ca(OH) 2) and the pH of the concrete pore water progressively decreases from 13.5 – 12.5 to 8.5 (pH of water in equilibrium with calcite).
Concrete is used to create hard surfaces which contribute to surface runoff that may cause soil erosion, water pollution and flooding. Conversely, concrete is one of the most powerful tools for proper flood control, by means of damming, diversion, and deflection of flood waters, mud
Frost damage can occur as cracks, stone splinters and swelling of the material. When water freezes, the volume of water increases by 9 %. [citation needed] When the volumetric moisture content exceeds 91 %, then the volume increase of water in the pores of the material caused by freezing cannot be absorbed by sufficient empty pores. This causes ...
An insurance policy may or may not cover the costs associated with water damage and the process of water damage restoration. While a common cause of residential water damage is often the failure of a sump pump, many homeowner's insurance policies do not cover the associated costs without an addendum which adds to the monthly premium of the policy.
Oxidation of pyrite in clay formations in contact with concrete – this produces sulfuric acid which reacts with concrete. Bacterial activity in sewers – anaerobic sulfate reduction at work in the organic-rich sludges accumulated under water in the conduits produces hydrogen sulfide gas (H 2 S).
The highest airborne mould concentrations are found in buildings where significant mould infestation has occurred, usually as a result of severe water intrusion or flood damage. [ 4 ] : 178 Moulds can grow on almost any surface and occur where there is a lot of moisture from structural problems such as leaky roofs or high humidity levels. [ 5 ]
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