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The Scythians were Iranic pastoralist tribes who dwelled the Eurasian Steppes from the Tarim Basin and Western Mongolia in Asia to as far as Sarmatia in modern day Ukraine and Russia. The Roman army hired Sarmatians as elite cavalrymen. Europe was exposed to several waves of invasions by horse people, including the Cimmerians.
Map 1: Indo-European migrations as described in The Horse, the Wheel, and Language by David W. Anthony Map 2: Anatolian peoples in 2nd millennium BC; Blue: Luwians, Yellow: Hittites, Red: Palaics. Map 3: Late Bronze Age regions of Anatolia / Asia Minor (circa 1200 BC) with main settlements. Map 4: Anatolia / Asia Minor in the Greco-Roman period.
Map 18: The population groups (tribes and tribal confederations) of Ireland (Iouerníā / Hibernia) mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia in a modern interpretation. Tribes' names on the map are in Greek (although some are in a phonetic transliteration and not in Greek spelling). They spoke Goidelic (an Insular Celtic language of the Q Celtic type.
In contrast, the indigenous groups of Old Europe had neither a warrior class nor horses. [55] [note 2] Indo-European languages probably spread through language shifts. [56] [57] Small groups can change a larger cultural area, [58] [1] and elite male dominance by small groups may have led to a language shift in northern India. [59] [60] [61]
The earliest recorded inhabitants of Anatolia were the Hattians and Hurrians, non-Indo-European peoples who lived in Anatolia as early as c. 2300 BC. Indo-European Hittites came to Anatolia and gradually absorbed the Hattians and Hurrians c. 2000 – c. 1700 BC. Besides Hittites, Anatolian peoples included Luwians, Palaic peoples and Lydians.
The Anatolians were a group of Indo-European peoples who inhabited Anatolia as early as the 3rd millennium BC. Identified by their use of the now-extinct Anatolian languages, [1] they were one of the oldest collective Indo-European ethno-linguistic groups and also one of the most archaic, as they were among the first peoples to separate from the Proto-Indo-Europeans, who gave origin to the ...
The Mongol Empire was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206, and at its height, it encompassed the majority of the territories from East Asia to Eastern Europe. After unifying the Turco-Mongol tribes, the Empire expanded through conquests throughout continental Eurasia.
Ancient North Eurasians are predominantly of West Eurasian ancestry (related to European Cro-Magnons and ancient and modern peoples in West Asia) who arrived in Siberia via the "northern route", but also derive a significant amount of their ancestry (c. 1/3) from an East Eurasian source, having arrived to Siberia via the "southern route".