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The complex was first identified by Malcolm J. Rogers in 1919 at site SDI-W-240 in Escondido in San Diego County, California. [1] He assigned the Paleo-Indian designation of 'Scraper Makers' to the prehistoric producers of the complex, based on the common occurrence of unifacially flaked lithic (stone) tools at their sites.
1. The Paleo-Indians stage and/or Lithic stage 2. The Archaic stage 3. Formative stage or Post-archaic stage – at this point, the North American classifications system differs from the rest of the Americas. For more details on the five major stages, still used in Mesoamerican archaeology, see Mesoamerican chronology and Archaeology of the ...
The Paleo-Indians, also known as the Lithic peoples, are the earliest known settlers of the Americas; the period's name, the Lithic stage, derives from the appearance of lithic flaked stone tools. Paleo-Indians were the first peoples who entered and subsequently inhabited the Americas towards the end of the Late Pleistocene period.
The stone tools of these industries, along with preforms, lithic core, technical flakes, and pieces of angular debitage, mainly of chalcedony, are found on and in late middle Pleistocene-age fanglomerates and younger inset alluvial terraces in the Calico Hills (also known as the Yermo Hills) east of the Calico Peaks and the Calico Mountains.
The history of Native Americans in the United States began before the founding of US, tens of thousands of years ago with the settlement of the Americas by the Paleo-Indians. The Eurasian migration to the Americas occurred over millennia via Beringia , a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska , as early humans spread southward and eastward ...
Historian and author Benjamin Madley observes that between 1845 and 1870, California’s Native American population “plunged from perhaps 150,000 to 30,000. By 1880 census takers recorded just ...
In North America, the time encompasses the Paleo-Indian period, which subsequently is divided into more specific time terms, such as Early Lithic stage or Early Paleo-Indians, and Middle Paleo-Indians or Middle Lithic stage. [6] Examples include the Clovis culture and Folsom tradition groups. The Lithic stage was followed by the Archaic stage.
Artifacts of the Chowigna Native Americans are held by the Southwest Museum of the Native Americans and the Redondo Beach Historical Museum. [6] [7] The Chowigna Natives used the site of today's Hopkins Wilderness Park, formerly Nike missile site LA-57 from 1956 to 1963, in Redondo Beach as a lookout place. [8]