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An erosion gully in Australia caused by rabbits, an unintended consequence of their introduction as game animals. In the social sciences, unintended consequences (sometimes unanticipated consequences or unforeseen consequences, more colloquially called knock-on effects) are outcomes of a purposeful action that are not intended or foreseen.
This reductionist tendency towards the small problems is reinforced in the way grant monies and academic tenure are assigned. [2] Odum advocates that at least some scientists should study systems so the negative consequences that result when many small decisions are made from a limited perspective can be avoided.
Taleb's "black swan theory" (which differs from the earlier philosophical versions of the problem) refers only to statistically unexpected events of large magnitude and consequence and their dominant role in history. Such events, considered extreme outliers, collectively play vastly larger roles than regular occurrences.
The differential effect of treatments (DET) was explored using several examples and models. In the biomedicine area, differential effects of early hippocampal pathology [4] were investigated on episodic and semantic memory. The differential effects of apolipoproteins E3 and E4 were also examined on neuronal growth in vitro. [5]
In another example of near-total neglect of probability, Rottenstreich and Hsee (2001) found that the typical subject was willing to pay $10 to avoid a 99% chance of a painful electric shock, and $7 to avoid a 1% chance of the same shock. They suggest that probability is more likely to be neglected when the outcomes are emotion-arousing.
Methodology: For this study, GOBankingRates analyzed the most beautiful cities in the United States to find the places to retire with $250,000 in savings. First GOBankingRates found the most ...
Consider the following example. Given the test scores of two random samples, one of men and one of women, does one group score better than the other? A possible null hypothesis is that the mean male score is the same as the mean female score: H 0: μ 1 = μ 2. where H 0 = the null hypothesis, μ 1 = the mean of population 1, and μ 2 = the mean ...
World Trade Organization members failed to agree on reforms to revive a broken trade dispute settlement system during the last General Council meeting before U.S. President-elect Donald Trump ...