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Thomas Cromwell (/ ˈ k r ɒ m w əl,-w ɛ l /; [1] [a] c. 1485 – 28 July 1540), briefly Earl of Essex, was an English statesman and lawyer who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 to 1540, when he was beheaded on orders of the king, who later blamed false charges for the execution.
The reformers were aided by Cromwell, who in January 1535 was made vicegerent in spirituals. Effectively the King's vicar general, Cromwell's authority was greater than that of bishops, even the Archbishop of Canterbury. [74] Largely due to Anne Boleyn's influence, a number of Protestants were appointed bishops between 1534 and 1536.
In doing so, Cromwell found a way to enrich the Crown’s struggling treasury. This action would also continue to limit the clergy’s authority. [14] In reality, the corruption of the clergy was most likely not as severe as Cromwell purported, and most laity seemed satisfied that their spiritual and pastoral needs were being met. [15]
In July, however, Cromwell was attainted, the marriage between the King and Anne of Cleves was annulled and Barnes was convicted of heresy and sentenced to execution by burning. On 30 July, 1540, Barnes and five other religious dissidents were drawn on hurdles from the Tower of London to Smithfield for execution. In a deeply ironic moment, each ...
The Puritan movement was advanced by the work and ministry of John Knox and the Scottish Reformation that took place at the same time. Knox spent five years in England (1549–1554) assisting the English reformation in the time of Edward VI, fled to Geneva and spent several years with Calvin (1554–1559), and then returned to Scotland to ...
Second Act of Dissolution; Henry VIII intervenes to halt the doctrinal reformation 1540, 6 January Henry marries Anne of Cleves: 1540, 9 July Henry's marriage to Anne of Cleves is annulled 1540, 28 July Thomas Cromwell is beheaded 1540, 30 July Robert Barnes is burned at the stake 1540, 30 July Thomas Abel is hanged, drawn and quartered. 1543
It is considered by many historians to be the key legal foundation of the English Reformation. The Act, drafted by Thomas Cromwell on behalf of King Henry VIII of England , forbade all appeals to the Pope in Rome on religious or other matters, making the King the final legal authority in all such matters in England , Wales , and other English ...
Thomas Cromwell (c. 1540 – c. 1611) [1] was an English Member of Parliament during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I.His diaries of proceedings in the House of Commons are an important source for historians of parliamentary history during the period when he was a member, and Sir John Neale draws heavily upon them in his ground-breaking two-volume study of Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments (1953 ...