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  2. Premise - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premise

    A premise or premiss [a] is a proposition—a true or false declarative statement—used in an argument to prove the truth of another proposition called the conclusion. [1] Arguments consist of a set of premises and a conclusion. An argument is meaningful for its conclusion only when all of its premises are true. If one or more premises are ...

  3. Begging the question - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Begging_the_question

    To ' beg the question ' (also called petitio principii) is to attempt to support a claim with a premise that itself restates or presupposes the claim. [13] It is an attempt to prove a proposition while simultaneously taking the proposition for granted.

  4. Argument map - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_map

    Intermediate conclusions or sub-conclusions, where a claim is supported by another claim that is used in turn to support some further claim, i.e. the final conclusion or another intermediate conclusion: In the following diagram, statement 4 is an intermediate conclusion in that it is a conclusion in relation to statement 5 but is a premise in ...

  5. Argument - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument

    Deductive arguments are sometimes referred to as "truth-preserving" arguments. For example, consider the argument that because bats can fly (premise=true), and all flying creatures are birds (premise=false), therefore bats are birds (conclusion=false). If we assume the premises are true, the conclusion follows necessarily, and it is a valid ...

  6. Argument–deduction–proof distinctions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument–deduction...

    An argument, more fully a premise–conclusion argument, is a two-part system composed of premises and conclusion. An argument is valid if and only if its conclusion is a consequence of its premises. Every premise set has infinitely many consequences each giving rise to a valid argument.

  7. Argumentation theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_theory

    The claim "I am definitely a British citizen" has a greater degree of force than the claim "I am a British citizen, presumably". (See also: Defeasible reasoning .) The first three elements, claim , ground , and warrant , are considered as the essential components of practical arguments, while the second triad, qualifier , backing , and rebuttal ...

  8. List of fallacies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fallacies

    Moralistic fallacy – inferring factual conclusions from evaluative premises, in violation of fact-value distinction; e.g. making statements about what is, on the basis of claims about what ought to be. This is the inverse of the naturalistic fallacy.

  9. Argumentation scheme - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumentation_scheme

    If the first two statements, the premises, are true, then the third statement, the conclusion, must also be true. However, if it is subsequently learned that Tweety is a penguin or has a broken wing, we can no longer conclude that Tweety can fly. In the context of deductive inference, we would have to conclude that the first premise was simply ...