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In cell biology, efferocytosis (from efferre, Latin for 'to carry out' [1] (to the grave), extended meaning 'to bury') is the process by which apoptotic cells are removed by phagocytic cells. It can be regarded as the 'burying of dead cells'. [2] [3]
While adherent cells require initial processing with a digestion enzyme, to remove them from the culture flask surface, suspension cells are floating freely in media. [19] A sample from the culture can then be taken and analyzed to determine the ratio of living to dead cells (using a stain such as trypan blue ) and the total concentration of ...
In biology, explant culture is a technique to organotypically culture cells from a piece or pieces of tissue or organ removed from a plant or animal. The term explant can be applied to samples obtained from any part of the organism. The extraction process is extensively sterilized, and the culture can be typically used for two to three weeks. [1]
The removal of dead cells by neighboring phagocytic cells has been termed efferocytosis. [66] Dying cells that undergo the final stages of apoptosis display phagocytotic molecules, such as phosphatidylserine , on their cell surface. [ 67 ]
Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis. Cell death is the event of a biological cell ceasing to carry out its functions. This may be the result of the natural process of old cells dying and being replaced by new ones, as in programmed cell death, or may result from factors such as diseases, localized injury, or the death of the organism of which the cells are part.
As described above, macrophages play a key role in removing dying or dead cells and cellular debris. Erythrocytes have a lifespan on average of 120 days and so are constantly being destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Macrophages will also engulf macromolecules, and so play a key role in the pharmacokinetics of parenteral irons.
Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan. [10] During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body.
Natural killer cells directly kill senescent cells, and produce cytokines which activate macrophages which remove senescent cells. [65] Senescent cells can be phagocytized by neutrophils as well as by macrophages. [66] Senolytic drugs which induce apoptosis in senescent cells rely on phagocytic immune system cells to remove the apoptosed cells ...