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Complex interdependence in international relations and international political economy is a concept put forth by Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye in the 1970s to describe the emerging nature of the global political economy. [1] [2] The concept entails that relations between states are becoming increasingly deep and complex. These increasingly ...
USS Nimitz at sea. In politics, hard power is the use of military and economic means to influence the behavior or interests of other political bodies. This form of political power is often aggressive (), and is most immediately effective when imposed by one political body upon another of less military and/or economic power. [1]
At the international level, the national government (i.e., chief negotiator) seeks an agreement, with an opposing country, relating to topics of concern. At the domestic level, societal actors pressure the chief negotiator for favourable policies. The chief negotiator absorbs the concern of societal actors and builds coalitions with them.
The initial modelling has advanced from two dimensions to show more complex interactions, for example over time. The framework was first theorized by Henry Etzkowitz and Loet Leydesdorff in the 1990s, with the publication of "The Triple Helix, University-Industry-Government Relations: A laboratory for Knowledge-Based Economic Development". [4]
Polarity in international relations is any of the various ways in which power is distributed within the international system. It describes the nature of the international system at any given period of time.
Public policy is an institutionalized proposal or a decided set of elements like laws, regulations, guidelines, and actions [1] [2] to solve or address relevant and real-world problems, guided by a conception [3] and often implemented by programs.
Aristocracy (from Ancient Greek ἀριστοκρατίᾱ (aristokratíā) 'rule of the best'; from ἄριστος (áristos) 'best' and κράτος (krátos) 'power, strength') is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.