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Fish toxins or fish stupefying plants have historically been used by many hunter gatherer cultures to stun fish, so they become easy to collect by hand. Some of these toxins paralyse fish, which can then be easily collected. [ 1 ]
These are eaten by herbivorous fish which in turn are eaten by larger carnivorous fish. [2] The toxins become more concentrated as they move up the food chain. [3] The fish most often implicated include barracuda, grouper, moray eel, amberjack, sea bass, and sturgeon. [2] Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms together with having recently ...
Fish kills may also occur due to the presence of disease, agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, oil or hazardous waste spills, hydraulic fracturing wastewater, sea-quakes, inappropriate re-stocking of fish, poaching with chemicals, underwater explosions, and other catastrophic events that upset a normally stable aquatic population. [2]
Its name derives from Tetraodontiformes, an order that includes pufferfish, porcupinefish, ocean sunfish, and triggerfish; several of these species carry the toxin. Although tetrodotoxin was discovered in these fish, it is found in several other animals (e.g., in blue-ringed octopuses, rough-skinned newts, and moon snails).
HABs can contain toxins or pathogens which result in fish kill and can also be fatal to humans. [30] In marine environments, HABs are mostly caused by dinoflagellates, [31] though species of other algae taxa can also cause HABs (diatoms, flagellates, haptophytes and raphidophytes). [32]
A toxic red tide is killing unprecedented numbers of fish and other marine life around San Francisco Bay, including Oakland's Lake Merritt. (August 31, AP Video/Terry Chea)
Ciguatoxin is produced by Gambierdiscus toxicus, a type of dinoflagellate.The phenomenon occurs in the Caribbean Sea, Hawaii, and coastal Central America. The toxin usually accumulates in the skin, head, viscera, and roe of big reef fish like grouper, wrasse, triggerfish, lionfish, and amberjack.
PSP toxins (of which saxitoxin is the most ubiquitous) are produced in eukaryotic dinoflagellates and prokaryotic cyanobacteria (usually referred to as blue-green algae). Within the freshwater marine ecosystem, the largest contribution in the accumulation of PSP toxins derives from saxitoxin produced by cyanobacteria.