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The radula (US: / ˈ r æ dʒ ʊ l ə /; pl.: radulae or radulas) [1] is an anatomical structure used by mollusks for feeding, sometimes compared to a tongue. [2] It is a minutely toothed, chitinous ribbon, which is typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the esophagus .
The radula is taenioglossate, consisting of seven teeth per row: one middle tooth, flanked on each side by one lateral and two marginal teeth. The radula is used to scrape algae and detritus. Phlorotannins in the brown algae Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum act as chemical defenses against L. littorea. [19]
The radula in this species is longer than the shell itself. It contains 1,920 teeth in 160 rows of 12 teeth each. Patella vulgata is found attached to firm substrates from the high shore to the edge of the sublittoral zone, although it predominates in areas of wave action. Its shell is conical, up to around 6 cm long, and lacks defined chirality.
Ultimately, 12 dogs living near a man-made pond with those snails present tested positive. Dillman said the location of that pond was only a couple of miles from the Colorado River.
[4] [6] [7] The venom of the geography cone snail is a complex mix of hundreds of different toxins that is delivered through a toxoglossan radula, a harpoon-like tooth propelled from an extendable proboscis. There is no antivenom for a cone snail sting, and treatment consists of keeping victims alive until the toxins wear off. [4]
The radula has from 125 to 168 rows of denticles (tiny teeth). The number of lateral teeth varying from 28 to 36. The mode radula formula is 31-0-31. [11] The specific characteristics of the reproductive system of Biomphalaria tenagophila are: more than 200 diverticulae of the ovotestis; 7–11 main lobes of the prostate; and presence of ...
Median – Middle, as the middle tooth on the radula. [1] Mesocene – The middle cusp on the teeth of the radula. [1] Monoecius – Having the sexes united in the same individual. [1] Multifid – Made up of many lobes or projections, as the cusps on some radulae. [1] Multispiral – Consisting of many whorls, as some fresh-water snails. [1]
Development of limpet teeth occurs in conveyor belt style, where teeth start growing at the back of the radula, and move toward the front of this structure as they mature. [8] The growth rate of the limpet's teeth is around 47 hours per row. [9] Fully mature teeth are located in the scraping zone, the very front of the radula.