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Shop drawings are required, in various forms, depending upon the practice of the architect and engineer. A specific number of copies may be required by the specification. An example distribution of the completed and corrected shop drawings may include the: Owner—file or inspection copy; Architect—file copy
Hollow-core slabs, also known as voided slabs, initially appeared as one-way elements in Europe during the 1950s, and are still commonly manufactured in precast form for applications where fast construction and low self-weight are required. [2] [6] Waffle slabs are a common type of hollow-core slab which use the same principle as voided biaxial ...
By the 1960s, prestressed concrete largely superseded reinforced concrete bridges in the UK, with box girders being the dominant form. [ 41 ] In short-span bridges of around 10 to 40 metres (30 to 130 ft), prestressing is commonly employed in the form of precast pre-tensioned girders or planks. [ 42 ]
Single box girder bridge , flyover above eastern approach of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. A box girder bridge, or box section bridge, is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel and reinforced concrete.
Precast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels, floors, roofs, and piles.
The old Britannia Bridge with train track inside the box-girder tunnel Section of the original tubular Britannia Bridge The patent curved and tapered box girder jib of a Fairbairn steam crane. A box girder or tubular girder (or box beam) is a girder that forms an enclosed tube with multiple walls, as opposed to an Ɪ-or H-beam.
Culvert with secure headwall in Bromsgrove, England Stone culvert in Haapsalu, Estonia Steel culvert with a plunge pool below A multiple culvert assembly in Italy Precast concrete box culvert Large box culvert on Rio Monterroso. A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway.
Tekla Structures is used in the construction industry for steel and concrete detailing, precast and cast in-situ. The software enables users to create and manage 3D structural models in concrete or steel, and guides them through the process from concept to fabrication. [8] The process of shop drawing creation is automated. It is available in ...