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e. Action research is a philosophy and methodology of research generally applied in the social sciences. It seeks transformative change through the simultaneous process of taking action and doing research, which are linked together by critical reflection. Kurt Lewin, then a professor at MIT, first coined the term "action research" in 1944.
Participatory action research ( PAR) is an approach to action research emphasizing participation and action by members of communities affected by that research. It seeks to understand the world by trying to change it, collaboratively and following reflection. PAR emphasizes collective inquiry and experimentation grounded in experience and ...
Cooperative inquiry. Cooperative inquiry, also known as collaborative inquiry, is a form of action research that was first proposed by John Heron in 1971 and later expanded with Peter Reason. The major idea of cooperative inquiry is to "research 'with' rather than 'on' people". It emphasizes that all active participants are fully involved in ...
In the 1940s, Kurt Lewin developed action research and described a cycle of: Planning; Action; Fact finding, about the result of the action; Lewin particularly highlighted the need for fact finding, which he felt was missing from much of management and social work. He contrasted this to the military where
Community-based participatory research ( CBPR) is an equitable approach to research in which researchers, organizations, and community members collaborate on all aspects of a research project. CBPR empowers all stakeholders to offer their expertise and partake in the decision-making process. CBPR projects aim to increase the body of knowledge ...
Program evaluation is a systematic method for collecting, analyzing, and using information to answer questions about projects, policies and programs, [1] particularly about their effectiveness and efficiency. In both the public sector and private sector, as well as the voluntary sector, stakeholders might be required to assess—under law or ...
The phases of clinical research are the stages in which scientists conduct experiments with a health intervention to obtain sufficient evidence for a process considered effective as a medical treatment. [1] For drug development, the clinical phases start with testing for drug safety in a few human subjects, then expand to many study ...
Action Learning is an approach to problem solving that involves taking action and reflecting upon the results. This method is purported to help improve the problem-solving process and simplify the solutions developed as a result. [1] [2] The theory of Action Learning and its epistemological position were originally developed by Reg Revans, who ...