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Titin A-band has homologs in invertebrates, such as twitchin (unc-22) and projectin, which also contain Ig and FNIII repeats and a protein kinase domain. [30] The gene duplication events took place independently but were from the same ancestral Ig and FNIII domains. It is said that the protein titin was the first to diverge out of the family. [28]
Myotilin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYOT gene. [5] [6] [7] Myotilin (myofibrillar titin-like protein) also known as TTID (TiTin Immunoglobulin Domain) is a muscle protein that is found within the Z-disc of sarcomeres.
The giant 30,000 residue muscle protein titin comprises about 120 fibronectin-III-type and Ig-type domains. [47] In the serine proteases, a gene duplication event has led to the formation of a two β-barrel domain enzyme. [ 48 ]
Alpha-actinin-2 is a 103.8 kDa protein composed of 894 amino acids. [6] [7] Each molecule is rod-shaped (35 nm in length) and it homodimerizes in an anti-parallel fashion.. Each monomer has an N-terminal actin-binding region composed of two calponin homology domains, two C-terminal EF hand domains, and four tandem spectrin-like repeats form the rod domain in the central region of the molecule.
Telethonin is a 19.0 kDa protein composed of 167 amino acids. [8] Telethonin has a unique β-sheet structure, which enables antiparallel association with the Titin Z1-Z2 domains in cardiac and skeletal muscle. [9]
Obscurin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the OBSCN gene. [5] [6] [7] Obscurin belongs to the family of giant sarcomeric signaling proteins that includes titin and nebulin. Obscurin is expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscle, and plays a role in the organization of myofibrils during sarcomere assembly.
Myomesin is bound to myosin at its N-terminal. Obscurin connects the myomesin dimers and binds to the C-terminal of titin. It is thought that the myomesin-titin interaction is vital for the execution of the mechanical functions of the Ser/Thr kinase domain of titin. [2] Myomesin is a protein family found in the M-line of the sarcomere structure.
I-set domains are also present in several other diverse protein families, including several tyrosine-protein kinase receptors, the hemolymph protein hemolin, the muscle proteins titin, telokin, and twitchin, the neuronal adhesion molecule axonin-1, [2] and the signalling molecule semaphorin 4D that is involved in axonal guidance, immune ...