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For instance, to solve the inequality 4x < 2x + 1 ≤ 3x + 2, it is not possible to isolate x in any one part of the inequality through addition or subtraction. Instead, the inequalities must be solved independently, yielding x < 1 / 2 and x ≥ −1 respectively, which can be combined into the final solution −1 ≤ x < 1 / 2 .
Another way to interpret integer intervals are as sets defined by enumeration, using ellipsis notation. An integer interval that has a finite lower or upper endpoint always includes that endpoint. Therefore, the exclusion of endpoints can be explicitly denoted by writing a.. b − 1 , a + 1 .. b , or a + 1 .. b − 1.
The main objective of interval arithmetic is to provide a simple way of calculating upper and lower bounds of a function's range in one or more variables. These endpoints are not necessarily the true supremum or infimum of a range since the precise calculation of those values can be difficult or impossible; the bounds only need to contain the function's range as a subset.
The rearrangement inequality can be regarded as intuitive in the following way. Imagine there is a heap of $10 bills, a heap of $20 bills and one more heap of $100 bills.
Consider the sum = = = (). The two sequences are non-increasing, therefore a j − a k and b j − b k have the same sign for any j, k.Hence S ≥ 0.. Opening the brackets, we deduce:
Bennett's inequality, an upper bound on the probability that the sum of independent random variables deviates from its expected value by more than any specified amount Bhatia–Davis inequality , an upper bound on the variance of any bounded probability distribution
The notation is also used to denote the characteristic function in convex analysis, which is defined as if using the reciprocal of the standard definition of the indicator function. A related concept in statistics is that of a dummy variable .
Where is the identity matrix and D is a partition of the interval [a,b] in the Riemann sense, i.e. the limit is over the maximum interval in the partition. Note how in this case time ordering becomes evident in the definitions.
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