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The water-cement ratio of the fresh concrete mix is one of the main, if not the most important, factors determining the quality and properties of hardened concrete, as it directly affects the concrete porosity, and a good concrete is always a concrete as compact and as dense as possible.
The top part of the well should prevent foreign matter or surface water from entering the well, so should be impervious. The top of the well should be protected and the area around the well drained. [13] The brick lining can greatly improve sanitation if it rises above ground level, preventing contamination of the well water by animal feces ...
This is not merely an improved version of the Xbloc, rather it is a block that functions differently, and has its own advantages and disadvantages. The XblocPlus needs to be placed regularly and, has characteristics found in placed blocks such as natural basaltic columns or concrete placed blocks like Basalton. [10]
The quality of the well water can be significantly increased by lining the well, sealing the well head, fitting a self-priming hand pump, constructing an apron, ensuring the area is kept clean and free from stagnant water and animals, moving sources of contamination (pit latrines, garbage pits, on-site sewer systems) and carrying out hygiene ...
The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by the water-cementitious ratio (w/cm), the design constituents, and the mixing, placement and curing methods employed.All things being equal, concrete with a lower water-cement (cementitious) ratio makes a stronger concrete than that with a higher ratio. [2]
The tremie concrete placement method uses a vertical or nearly vertical pipe, through which concrete is placed by gravity feed below water level. [4]The lower end of the pipe is kept immersed in fresh concrete so that concrete rising from the bottom displaces the water above it, thus limiting washing out of the cement content of the fresh concrete at the exposed upper surface.
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The high surface area increases the water demand to get pumpable slurry. Such a mixture can produce a cement slurry as low as 11.0 ppg. Normal concentration = 15% BWOC but can be as high as 28% BWOC. Can sometimes be used to prevent annular fluid migration. Expanded Perlite—Used to reduce the weight as water is added with its addition ...
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