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The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.
The Crusade of Varna (1443–1444), also known as the Crusade to Varna, was an unsuccessful military campaign by the European monarchies to check the expansion of the Ottoman empire into Central Europe. The crusade was called by Eugene IV and led by Władysław III of Poland, John Hunyadi of Hungary, Voivode of Transylvania, Mircea the Elder of ...
William of Tyre writing his history, from a 13th-century Old French translation, Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, MS 2631, f.1r. The historiography of the Crusades is the study of history-writing and the written history, especially as an academic discipline, regarding the military expeditions initially undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, or 13th centuries to the Holy Land.
The Western sources for the history of the Crusades begin with the original Latin chronicles. Later works on the First Crusade were mostly derived from these and are exemplified by William of Tyre's Historia and its continuations. The later Crusades produced a vast library of first-hand accounts, biographies and chronicles. [10]
Historical sources of the Crusades: pilgrimages and exploration. The first of these provides the chronology of the Crusades, with key histories associated with each major event (beginning with the First Crusade) and is a guide to the subsequent parts. The original sources for the Crusades are those documents generally written by contemporaneous ...
The success of the First Crusade that began the crusading movement and the century was seen as astonishing. The explanation for this was given that it was only possible through the will of God. [68] Paschal succeeded Urban as pope before news of the outcome reached Europe.
The First Crusade. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0812210174. Somerville, Robert, "The Council of Clermont and the First Crusade", Studia Gratiana 20 (1976), 325–337. Somerville, Robert, "The Council of Clermont (1095), and Latin Christian Society", Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 12 (1974): 55–90 JSTOR 23563638
The war in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the British did not consider the War of 1812 against the United States as more than a sideshow. [281] Britain's blockade of French trade had worked and the Royal Navy was the world's dominant nautical power (and remained so for another century).