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The complications of diabetes can dramatically impair quality of life and cause long-lasting disability. Overall, complications are far less common and less severe in people with well-controlled blood sugar levels. [3] [4] [5] Some non-modifiable risk factors such as age at diabetes onset, type of diabetes, gender, and genetics may influence risk.
Also, a life-threatening consequence of hyperglycemia can be nonketotic hyperosmolar syndrome. [16] Perioperative hyperglycemia has been associated with immunosuppression, increased infections, osmotic diuresis, delayed wound healing, delayed gastric emptying, sympatho-adrenergic stimulation, and increased mortality.
If the patient is known to have diabetes, the diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis is usually suspected from the appearance and a history of 1–2 days of vomiting. The diagnosis is confirmed when the usual blood chemistries in the emergency department reveal a high blood sugar level and severe metabolic acidosis .
Type 2 diabetes is typically a chronic disease associated with a ten-year-shorter life expectancy. [ 10 ] [ 26 ] This is partly due to a number of complications with which it is associated, including: two to four times the risk of cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke; a 20-fold increase in lower limb amputations ...
[4] [5] Symptoms include signs of dehydration, weakness, leg cramps, vision problems, and an altered level of consciousness. [2] Onset is typically over days to weeks. [ 3 ] Complications may include seizures , disseminated intravascular coagulopathy , mesenteric artery occlusion , or rhabdomyolysis .
Symptoms can begin at any age, but onset is most common in children, with diagnoses slightly more common in 5 to 7 year olds, and much more common around the age of puberty. [123] [21] In contrast to most autoimmune diseases, type 1 diabetes is slightly more common in males than in females. [123]
Glycine encephalopathy can also present as a milder form with episodic seizures, ataxia, movement disorders, and gaze palsy during febrile illness. These patients are also developmentally delayed, to varying degrees. In the later onset form, patients typically have normal intellectual function, but present with spastic diplegia and optic ...
Based on symptoms after ruling out other possible causes [2] [6] Differential diagnosis: Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome, delirium tremens, hypoglycemia, subdural hematoma, hyponatremia [1] Treatment: Supportive care, treating triggers, lactulose, liver transplant [1] [4] Prognosis: Average life expectancy less than a year in those with severe ...