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Due to the vast potentially different combination of the employees’ formal hierarchical and informal community participation, each organization is therefore a unique phenotype along a spectrum between a pure hierarchy and a pure community (flat) organizational structure." Lim, M., G. Griffiths, and S. Sambrook. (2010).
In flat organizations, the number of people directly supervised by each manager is large, and the number of people in the chain of command above each person is small. [2] A manager in a flat organization possesses more responsibility than a manager in a tall organization because there is a greater number of individuals immediately below them who are dependent on direction, help, and support.
Henrich and Gil-White built on social exchange theory to develop the idea of prestige as conveyed social status and respect in exchange for expertise.This was contrasted with dominance where social status is taken rather than freely conveyed. [4]
In a group of related items, heterarchy is a state wherein any pair of items is likely to be related in two or more differing ways. Whereas hierarchies sort groups into progressively smaller categories and subcategories, heterarchies divide and unite groups variously, according to multiple concerns that emerge or recede from view according to perspective.
The informal organization is the interlocking social structure that governs how people work together in practice. [1] It is the aggregate of norms, personal and professional connections through which work gets done and relationships are built among people who share a common organizational affiliation or cluster of affiliations.
The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge (1966), by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, proposes that social groups and individual persons who interact with each other, within a system of social classes, over time create concepts (mental representations) of the actions of each other, and that people become habituated to those concepts, and thus assume ...
Hierarchy allows for the preservation of the whole community simultaneously, instead of protecting one part at the expense of the others. [16] Organicism also characterizes conservative thought. Edmund Burke notably viewed society from an organicist standpoint, [17] as opposed to a more mechanistic view developed by liberal thinkers. [18]
Exemplifying Differentiation and System Theory, this photographic mosaic may be perceived as a whole/system (a gull) or as a less complex group of parts.. Talcott Parsons was the first major theorist to develop a theory of society consisting of functionally defined sub-systems, which emerges from an evolutionary point of view through a cybernetic process of differentiation.