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During his early career, Caesar had seen how chaotic and dysfunctional the Roman Republic had become. The republican machinery had broken down under the weight of imperialism, the central government had become powerless, the provinces had been transformed into independent principalities under the absolute control of their governors, and the army had replaced the constitution as the means of ...
The completion of Caesar's reforms and unpublished acts. For example, the Second Triumvirate legally merged Cisalpine Gaul into Italy in 42 BC as planned by Julius Caesar (and in part already realized with the extension of Roman citizenship to that region in 49 BC). Octavian presented himself to the masses as the continuator of Caesar's programs.
The lex Julia de repetundis, also called the lex Julia repetundarum, [14] was passed by Gaius Julius Caesar during his first consulship in 59 BC. It was a major piece of legislation containing over 100 clauses which dealt with a large number of provincial abuses, provided procedures for enforcement, and punishment for violations.
Pompey, in effect, became powerless, and thus when Julius Caesar returned from his governorship in Spain in 61 BC, he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey. [76] Caesar and Pompey, along with Crassus, established a private agreement, known as the First Triumvirate. Under the agreement, Pompey's arrangements in Asia were to be ...
Caesar, who had come to political blows repeatedly with Marcus Porcius Cato and allies thereof during his consular year, found their support for the anti-extortion bill. Cato likely saw the bill as a positive for the state and, importantly, legislation brought in good faith for the state rather than for Caesar's own political advancement.
The consulship of Gaius Marius (107 BC) saw the supposed launch of the so-called Marian reforms of the army. More dated scholars have ascribed to this general many of the changes that had transformed the Republican army by the time of its next extant detailed description in the pages of Julius Caesar's De Bello Gallico (composed in 51 BC), namely:
The informal First Triumvirate of Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus was a loose political alliance arranged in 60 or 59 BC that lasted until the death of Crassus in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC; they had no official capacity or function as actual triumviri, and the term is used as a nickname.
Optimates (/ ˌ ɒ p t ɪ ˈ m eɪ t iː z /, [1] / ˈ ɒ p t ɪ m eɪ t s /; Latin for "best ones"; sg. optimas) and populares (/ ˌ p ɒ p j ʊ ˈ l ɛər iː z,-j ə-,-ˈ l eɪ r iː z /; Latin for "supporters of the people"; [2] sg. popularis) are labels applied to politicians, political groups, traditions, strategies, or ideologies in the late Roman Republic. [3]