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The Richter scale [1] (/ ˈ r ɪ k t ər /), also called the Richter magnitude scale, Richter's magnitude scale, and the Gutenberg–Richter scale, [2] is a measure of the strength of earthquakes, developed by Charles Richter in collaboration with Beno Gutenberg, and presented in Richter's landmark 1935 paper, where he called it the "magnitude scale". [3]
For a number written in scientific notation, this logarithmic rounding scale requires rounding up to the next power of ten when the multiplier is greater than the square root of ten (about 3.162). For example, the nearest order of magnitude for 1.7 × 10 8 is 8, whereas the nearest order of magnitude for 3.7 × 10 8 is 9.
Percentage. In mathematics, a percentage (from Latin per centum 'by a hundred') is a number or ratio expressed as a fraction of 100. It is often denoted using the percent sign (%), [1] although the abbreviations pct., pct, and sometimes pc are also used. [2] A percentage is a dimensionless number (pure number), primarily used for expressing ...
Mass fraction (chemistry) In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio (alternatively denoted ) of the mass of that substance to the total mass of the mixture. [1] Expressed as a formula, the mass fraction is: Because the individual masses of the ingredients of a mixture sum to , their mass fractions sum to unity:
10 −3: Milli-(m) 1.3×10 −3: Gaussian distribution: probability of a value being more than 3 standard deviations from the mean on a specific side [17] 1.4×10 −3: Probability of a human birth giving triplets or higher-order multiples [18] Probability of being dealt a full house in poker 1.9×10 −3: Probability of being dealt a flush in ...
In statistics, the 68–95–99.7 rule, also known as the empirical rule, and sometimes abbreviated 3sr, is a shorthand used to remember the percentage of values that lie within an interval estimate in a normal distribution: approximately 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of the values lie within one, two, and three standard deviations of the mean, respectively.
1/52! chance of a specific shuffle Mathematics: The chances of shuffling a standard 52-card deck in any specific order is around 1.24 × 10 −68 (or exactly 1 ⁄ 52!) [4] Computing: The number 1.4 × 10 −45 is approximately equal to the smallest positive non-zero value that can be represented by a single-precision IEEE floating-point value.
In solutions, mass concentration is commonly encountered as the ratio of mass/ [volume solution], or m/v. In water solutions containing relatively small quantities of dissolved solute (as in biology), such figures may be "percentivized" by multiplying by 100 a ratio of grams solute per mL solution. The result is given as "mass/volume percentage".