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The downfall of the Roman empire led to a decline in building activities and technology. Construction efforts were mostly done by the Roman Catholic Church. Craft training and education became a major focus in this period and craft guilds were organized. [24] Three distinct levels of ability (master, journeyman, and apprentice) were recognized.
The Pantheon in Rome is an example of Roman concrete construction. Caesarea harbour: an example of underwater Roman concrete technology on a large scale. Roman concrete, also called opus caementicium, was used in construction in ancient Rome. Like its modern equivalent, Roman concrete was based on a hydraulic-setting cement added to an aggregate.
Opus quadratum ("squared work") is an ancient Roman construction technique, in which squared blocks of stone of the same height were set in parallel courses, most often without the use of mortar. [1] The Latin author Vitruvius describes the technique.
Opus incertum on the Temple of Jupiter Anxur in Terracina, Italy. Opus incertum ("irregular work") was an ancient Roman construction technique, using irregularly shaped and randomly placed uncut stones or fist-sized tuff blocks inserted in a core of opus caementicium.
Example of opus latericium on a tomb of the ancient Appian Way in Rome. A wall of the Domus Augustana in Rome. Opus latericium (Latin for "brick work") is an ancient Roman construction technique in which course-laid brickwork is used to face a core of opus caementicium. [1] [2] Opus reticulatum was the dominant form of wall construction in the ...
Opus vittatum ("banded work"), also called opus listatum, was an ancient Roman construction technique introduced at the beginning of the fourth century, made by parallel horizontal courses of tuff blocks alternated with bricks. [1] This technique was adopted during the whole 4th century, and is typical of the works of Maxentius and Constantine. [1]
The type of construction was constantly employed in Roman, Byzantine and Romanesque work, and in the latter was regarded as a test of very early date. It is frequently found in the Byzantine walls in Asia Minor , and in Byzantine churches was employed decoratively to give variety to the wall surface.
Opus isodomum ("work of equal height") is an ancient technique of wall construction with ashlars. It uses perfectly cut, completely regular squared stone blocks of equal height, and sometimes of the same length.