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This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke. [2] It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. [3] Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis. [4]
[249] [250] The word stroke was used as a synonym for apoplectic seizure as early as 1599, [251] and is a fairly literal translation of the Greek term. The term apoplectic stroke is an archaic, nonspecific term, for a cerebrovascular accident accompanied by haemorrhage or haemorrhagic stroke. [252]
Cerebral infarction, also known as an ischemic stroke, is the pathologic process that results in an area of necrotic tissue in the brain (cerebral infarct). [1] In mid to high income countries, a stroke is the main reason for disability among people and the 2nd cause of death. [2]
These results and the first mentioning of the term ischemic penumbra were published in 1977 in Stroke (1), and further substantiated by an editorial in 1981 (2). The first decade of research focused on physiologic profile of the penumbra tissue after stroke , mapping the cerebral blood flow, and quantifying oxygen and glucose consumption to ...
The caspase-dependent apoptosis cascade is initiated, causing cells to "commit suicide." If the cell dies through necrosis, it releases glutamate and toxic chemicals into the environment around it. Toxins poison nearby neurons, and glutamate can overexcite them. If and when the brain is reperfused, a number of factors lead to reperfusion injury.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA), commonly known as a mini-stroke, is a temporary (transient) stroke with noticeable symptoms that end within 24 hours. A TIA causes the same symptoms associated with a stroke, such as weakness or numbness on one side of the body, sudden dimming or loss of vision, difficulty speaking or understanding language or slurred speech.
In the central nervous system (CNS), pericytes wrap around the endothelial cells that line the inside of the capillary. These two types of cells can be easily distinguished from one another based on the presence of the prominent round nucleus of the pericyte compared to the flat elongated nucleus of the endothelial cells. [7]
Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is the structural stroma that includes connective tissue such as the meninges , blood vessels , and ducts. The two main types of cells in the brain are neurons , also known as nerve cells, and glial cells , also known as neuroglia. [ 1 ]