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A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other architectures such as the microkernel [ 1 ] [ 2 ] in that it alone defines a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware .
On most mainstream processors, obtaining a service is inherently more expensive in a microkernel-based system than a monolithic system. [13] In the monolithic system, the service is obtained by a single system call, which requires two mode switches (changes of the processor's ring or CPU mode). In the microkernel-based system, the service is ...
microkernel: No No Yes Yes No Unix permissions: Call profiling, statistical profiling, Minix Debugger (mdb) No No ? NetBSD kernel: C: NetBSD, GNU/kNetBSD (Debian GNU/NetBSD), The NetBSD Project: ELF, others - platform dependent monolithic, anykernel using rump kernel architecture IPFilter, PF, NPF: Yes Yes Yes Xen, chroot: kauth, Unix ...
A microkernel that is designed for a specific platform or device is only ever going to have what it needs to operate. The microkernel approach consists of defining a simple abstraction over the hardware, with a set of primitives or system calls to implement minimal OS services such as memory management, multitasking, and inter-process ...
Graphic of a monolithic kernel running kernel space entirely in supervisor mode Microkernel architecture relies on user-space server programs. While the debate initially started out as relatively moderate, with both parties involved making only banal statements about kernel design, it grew progressively more detailed and sophisticated with every round of posts.
Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel-based operating systems. A distributed OS provides the essential services and functionality required of an OS but adds attributes and particular configurations to allow it to support additional requirements such as increased scale and availability.
The Windows NT operating system family's architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode), with many different modules within both of these layers.One prominent example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft Windows NT kernel that powers all operating systems in the Windows NT family, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, and powers Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone ...
The fact that Linux is a monolithic kernel rather than a microkernel was the topic of a debate between Andrew S. Tanenbaum, the creator of MINIX, and Torvalds. [25] The Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate started in 1992 on the Usenet group comp.os.minix as a general discussion about kernel architectures. [26] [27]