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The microkernel was intended to address this growth of kernels and the difficulties that resulted. In theory, the microkernel design allows for easier management of code due to its division into user space services. This also allows for increased security and stability resulting from the reduced amount of code running in kernel mode.
microkernel: No No Yes Yes No Unix permissions: Call profiling, statistical profiling, Minix Debugger (mdb) No No ? NetBSD kernel: C: NetBSD, GNU/kNetBSD (Debian GNU/NetBSD), The NetBSD Project: ELF, others - platform dependent monolithic, anykernel using rump kernel architecture IPFilter, PF, NPF: Yes Yes Yes Xen, chroot: kauth, Unix ...
A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other architectures such as the microkernel [ 1 ] [ 2 ] in that it alone defines a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware .
The principle of separation of mechanism and policy is the substantial difference between the philosophy of micro and monolithic kernels. [28] [29] Here a mechanism is the support that allows the implementation of many different policies, while a policy is a particular "mode of operation". Example:
The Windows NT operating system family's architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode), with many different modules within both of these layers.One prominent example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft Windows NT kernel that powers all operating systems in the Windows NT family, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, and powers Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone ...
Structure of monolithic kernel, microkernel and hybrid kernel-based operating systems. A distributed OS provides the essential services and functionality required of an OS but adds attributes and particular configurations to allow it to support additional requirements such as increased scale and availability.
An operating system based on a microkernel like L4 provides services as servers in user space that monolithic kernels like Linux or older generation microkernels include internally. For example, to implement a secure Unix-like system, servers must provide the rights management that Mach included inside the kernel.
In a monolithic kernel, the operating system runs in supervisor mode and the applications run in user mode. Other types of operating systems, like those with an exokernel or microkernel, do not necessarily share this behavior. Some examples from the PC world: Linux, macOS and Windows are three operating systems that use supervisor/user mode.