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Alternatively, the suffix "-carboxylic acid" can be used in place of "oic acid", combined with a multiplying prefix if necessary – mellitic acid is benzenehexacarboxylic acid, for example. In the latter case, the carbon atoms in the carboxyl groups do not count as being part of the main chain, a rule that also applies to the prefix form ...
The IUPAC numerical multiplier is a system of prefixes used in chemistry to indicate the number of atoms or groups in a molecule.
To be more specific, the name may need to represent the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms. This requires adding more rules to the standard IUPAC system (the Chemical Abstracts Service system (CAS system) is the one used most commonly in this context), at the expense of having names which are longer and less familiar.
A Hantzsch–Widman name will always contain a prefix, which indicates the type of heteroatom present in the ring, and a stem, which indicates both the total number of atoms and the presence or absence of double bonds. The name may include more than a one prefix, if more than one type of heteroatom is present; a multiplicative prefix if there ...
Atom connections (prefix: "c"). The atoms in the chemical formula (except for hydrogens) are numbered in sequence; this sublayer describes which atoms are connected by bonds to which other ones. The type of those bonds is later specified in the stereochemical layer prefixed by "b". Hydrogen atoms (prefix: "h"). Describes how many hydrogen atoms ...
The prefix "spiro" followed by a Von-Baeyer descriptor describes in the nomenclature of organic compounds ring systems linked by only one common atom, the spiro atom. If several spiro atoms are present in the molecule, the prefix "spiro" is provided with a prefix ("dispiro", "trispiro", etc.) corresponding to the number of spiro atoms.
Another common system uses Greek letter prefixes as locants, which is useful in identifying the relative location of carbon atoms as well as hydrogen atoms to other functional groups. The α-carbon (alpha-carbon) refers to the first carbon atom that attaches to a functional group, such as a carbonyl.
The "a" of the penta- prefix is not dropped before a vowel. As the IUPAC Red Book 2005 page 69 states, "The final vowels of multiplicative prefixes should not be elided (although 'monoxide', rather than 'monooxide', is an allowed exception because of general usage)." There are a number of exceptions and special cases that violate the above rules.
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