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Any combination of Hookean (linear-response) springs in series or parallel behaves like a single Hookean spring. The formulas for combining their physical attributes are analogous to those that apply to capacitors connected in series or parallel in an electrical circuit .
Materials undergoing strain are often modeled with mechanical components, such as springs (restorative force component) and dashpots (damping component).. Connecting a spring and damper in series yields a model of a Maxwell material while connecting a spring and damper in parallel yields a model of a Kelvin–Voigt material. [2]
Belleville spring stack in series Belleville spring stack in parallel. Multiple Belleville washers may be stacked to modify the spring constant (or spring rate) or the amount of deflection. Stacking in the same direction will add the spring constant in parallel, creating a stiffer joint (with the same deflection).
Diagram of a Maxwell material. The Maxwell model is represented by a purely viscous damper and a purely elastic spring connected in series, [5] as shown in the diagram. If, instead, we connect these two elements in parallel, [5] we get the generalized model of a solid Kelvin–Voigt material.
Similarly, for a parallel combination of the same elements the strains are equal and the stresses additive. Having said that, the two simplest models that combine more than one element are the following: a spring and dashpot in parallel, called the Voigt (or Kelvin) model; a spring and dashpot in series, called the Maxwell model
Parallel Hybrids Of 25 million gasoline-electric hybrids on the world's roads, most are Toyotas —and most of those use the company's classic two-motor power-split parallel hybrid system.
Many circuits can be analyzed as a combination of series and parallel circuits, along with other configurations. In a series circuit, the current that flows through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. [1]
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