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The most frequently reported side effect is hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels). [6] It was approved for medical use in the European Union in January 2013, [6] and in Australia in November 2017. [2]
Insulin aspart, sold under the brand name NovoLog, among others, is a modified type of medical insulin used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes. [17] It is generally used by injection under the skin but may also be used by injection into a vein. [17] Maximum effect occurs after about 1–3 hours and lasts for 3–5 hours. [17]
Insulin degludec is an ultra-long acting insulin that, unlike insulin glargine, is active at a physiologic pH.The addition of hexadecanedioic acid via an amide linkage to lysine at the B29 position allows for the formation of multi-hexamers in subcutaneous tissues. [16]
Type A: augmented pharmacological effects, which are dose-dependent and predictable [5]; Type A reactions, which constitute approximately 80% of adverse drug reactions, are usually a consequence of the drug's primary pharmacological effect (e.g., bleeding when using the anticoagulant warfarin) or a low therapeutic index of the drug (e.g., nausea from digoxin), and they are therefore predictable.
A drug or procedure usually used for a specific effect may be used specifically because of a beneficial side-effect; this is termed "off-label use" until such use is approved. [1] For instance, X-rays have long been used as an imaging technique ; the discovery of their oncolytic capability led to their use in radiotherapy for ablation of ...
Patients who have multiple idiopathic effects that are nonspecific are more likely to have anxiety and depression. [1] Idiosyncratic drug reactions appear to not be concentration dependent. A minimal amount of drug will cause an immune response, but it is suspected that at a low enough concentration, a drug will be less likely to initiate an ...
[1] [2] The effect is most associated with orally administered medications, but some drugs still undergo first-pass metabolism even when delivered via an alternate route (e.g., IV, IM, etc.). [3] During this metabolism, drug is lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. The liver is the major ...
A drug of last resort (DoLR), also known as a heroic dose, [1] is a pharmaceutical drug which is tried after all other drug options have failed to produce an adequate response in the patient. Drug resistance , such as antimicrobial resistance or antineoplastic resistance , may make the first-line drug ineffective, especially in case of ...