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Married persons report higher levels of happiness and well-being than single people. [247] Other data has shown a spouse's happiness depends on the happiness of their partner. When asked, spouses reported similar happiness levels to each other. The data also shows the spouses' happiness level fluctuates similarly to one another.
Changing happiness levels through interventions is a further methodological advancement in the study of positive psychology, and has been the focus of various academic and scientific psychological publications. Happiness-enhancing interventions include expressing kindness, gratitude, optimism, humility, awe, and mindfulness.
The pyramid begins at the bottom with physiological needs (the most prepotent of all) and culminates at the top with self-actualization needs. In his later writings, Maslow added a sixth level of ‘meta-needs’ and metamotivation. [4] [5] The hierarchy of needs developed by Maslow is one of his most enduring contributions to psychology. [6]
The Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) is a four-item scale, measuring global subjective happiness from 1999. The scale requires participants to use absolute ratings to characterize themselves as happy or unhappy individuals, as well as it asks to what extent they identify themselves with descriptions of happy and unhappy individuals.
The "pleasure" orientation describes a path to happiness that is associated with adopting hedonistic life goals to satisfy only one's extrinsic needs. Engagement and meaning orientations describe a pursuit of happiness that integrates two positive psychology constructs "flow/engagement" and "eudaimonia/meaning". Both of the latter orientations ...
Happiness is sometimes identified with life satisfaction or understood as a positive balance of pleasure over pain. [12] [b] Well-being is a crucial goal of many human endeavors, both on individual and societal levels. [14] Various attitudes and emotions are directed at well-being, like caring for someone or experiencing pity, envy, and ill will.
The effect of life events on life satisfaction. Single life events tend to affect happiness in the short run, but people often adapt to changes. There are several factors that contribute to and influence self-reported levels of life satisfaction, including unique life events and experiences.
Hedonic adaptation is an event or mechanism that reduces the affective impact of substantial emotional events. Generally, hedonic adaptation involves a happiness "set point", whereby humans generally maintain a constant level of happiness throughout their lives, despite events that occur in their environment.