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Urolithin A is a metabolite compound resulting from the transformation of ellagitannins by the gut bacteria. [1] It belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzo- coumarins or dibenzo-α- pyrones .
Chemical structure of urolithin A.. Urolithins are microflora metabolites of dietary ellagic acid derivatives, such as ellagitannins. [1] They are produced in the gut, and found in the urine in the form of urolithin B glucuronide after absorption of ellagitannins-containing foods, such as pomegranate. [2]
Castalagin is a representative ellagitannin, characterized by coupled gallic acid substituents. The ellagitannins are a diverse class of hydrolyzable tannins, a type of polyphenol formed primarily from the oxidative linkage of galloyl groups in 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl glucose.
Diet – Liver is high in vitamin A. The liver of certain animals, including the polar bear, bearded seal, [25] [26] fish and [27] walrus, [28] are particularly toxic (see Liver (food) § Poisoning). It has been estimated that consumption of 500 grams (18 oz) of polar bear liver would result in a toxic dose for a human. [25]
Kidney toxicity [5] associated with kidney failure; associated with development of cancer, particularly of the urinary tract, known carcinogen [8] [9] Atractylate Atractylis gummifera: Liver damage, [3] nausea, vomiting, epigastric and abdominal pain, diarrhoea, anxiety, headache and convulsions, often followed by coma [10]
Acceptable daily intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (originally applied for a food additive, later also for a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) daily over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk. [1]
Treatment options for protein toxicity can include renal replacement therapies like hemodialysis and hemofiltration. [25] Lifestyle modifications like a diet low in protein, decreased sodium intake, and exercise can also be in incorporated as part of a treatment plan. Medications may also be prescribed depending on symptoms.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.