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A phenomenographic data analysis sorts qualitatively distinct perceptions which emerge from the data collected into specific "categories of description." [1] [2] [3] [8] The set of these categories is sometimes referred to as an "outcome space." These categories (and the underlying structure) become the phenomenographic essence of the ...
These data sources include interview transcripts, videos of social interactions, notes, verbal reports [8] and artifacts such as books or works of art. The case study method exemplifies qualitative researchers' preference for depth, detail, and context. [11] [12] Data triangulation is also a strategy used in qualitative research. [13]
Quantitative research using statistical methods starts with the collection of data, based on the hypothesis or theory. Usually a big sample of data is collected – this would require verification, validation and recording before the analysis can take place. Software packages such as SPSS and R are typically used for this purpose. Causal ...
Learning styles refer to a range of theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning. [1] Although there is ample evidence that individuals express personal preferences on how they prefer to receive information, [2]: 108 few studies have found validity in using learning styles in education.
Ralph W. Tyler introduced the idea of "backward design" (without using this particular term) in 1949 when referring to a statement of objectives.A statement of objectives is used to indicate the kinds of changes in the student to be brought about so that instructional activities can be planned and developed in a way likely to attain these objectives.