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Different glucose fluxes corresponding to the numbers (1 to 4) in this figure are shown. (1) glucose absorption from the gut; (2) insulin-independent glucose utilisation in the brain (central nervous system) and red blood cells; and insulin-dependent glucose utilisation in muscle and adipose tissue; (3) net hepatic glucose balance (production ...
If the blood glucose level falls to dangerously low levels (as during very heavy exercise or lack of food for extended periods), the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon, a peptide hormone which travels through the blood to the liver, where it binds to glucagon receptors on the surface of liver cells and stimulates them to break down glycogen stored inside the cells into glucose (this ...
These carbohydrates are composed of three principal monosaccharides: glucose, fructose and galactose; in addition glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in humans. The failure to effectively use these molecules accounts for the majority of the inborn errors of human carbohydrates metabolism .
Typically, the complete breakdown of one molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration (i.e. involving glycolysis, the citric-acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, the last providing the most energy) is usually about 30–32 molecules of ATP. [16] Oxidation of one gram of carbohydrate yields approximately 4 kcal of energy. [3]
Graph depicting blood sugar change during a day with three meals. The glycemic (glycaemic) index (GI; / ɡ l aɪ ˈ s iː m ɪ k / [1]) is a number from 0 to 100 assigned to a food, with pure glucose arbitrarily given the value of 100, which represents the relative rise in the blood glucose level two hours after consuming that food. [2]
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula C 6 H 12 O 6, which is often abbreviated as Glc. [4] It is overall the most abundant monosaccharide, [5] a subcategory of carbohydrates.
[2] [3] Excess use may result in low blood sodium and other electrolyte problems. [2] Intravenous sugar solutions are in the crystalloid family of medications. [4] They come in a number of strengths including 5%, 10%, and 50% dextrose. [2] While they may start out hypertonic they become hypotonic solutions as the sugar is metabolised. [5]
Reducing form of glucose (the aldehyde group is on the far right). A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. [1] In an alkaline solution, a reducing sugar forms some aldehyde or ketone, which allows it to act as a reducing agent, for example in Benedict's reagent.
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