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Several projects to improve RefSeq services are currently in development by the NCBI, often in collaboration with research centers such as EMBL-EBI: . Consensus CDS (CCDS): This project aims to identify a core set of human and mouse protein-coding regions and standardize sets of genes with high and consistent levels of genomic annotation quality.
In ecology, rarefaction is a technique to assess species richness from the results of sampling. Rarefaction allows the calculation of species richness for a given number of individual samples, based on the construction of so-called rarefaction curves. This curve is a plot of the number of species as a function of the number of samples.
The genetic instructions of every replicating cell in a living organism are contained within its DNA. [1] Throughout the cell's lifetime, this information is transcribed and replicated by cellular mechanisms to produce proteins or to provide instructions for daughter cells during cell division, and the possibility exists that the DNA may be altered during these processes.
The first printout of the human reference genome presented as a series of books, displayed at the Wellcome Collection, London. A reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of the set of genes in one idealized individual organism of a species.
DNA barcoding is a method of species identification using a short section of DNA from a specific gene or genes. The premise of DNA barcoding is that by comparison with a reference library of such DNA sections (also called "sequences"), an individual sequence can be used to uniquely identify an organism to species, just as a supermarket scanner uses the familiar black stripes of the UPC barcode ...
Gold particles can be created with a diameter of 1 nm (or lower) but another limitation is then realized—at these sizes the gold label becomes hard to distinguish from tissue structure. [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Thin sections are required for immunogold labeling and these can produce misleading images; a thin slice of a cell component may not give an ...
Immunolabeling is a biochemical process that enables the detection and localization of an antigen to a particular site within a cell, tissue, or organ. Antigens are organic molecules, usually proteins , capable of binding to an antibody .
Cell–cell recognition is especially important in the innate immune system, which identifies pathogens very generally. Central to this process is the binding of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of phagocytes and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in pathogenic microorganisms. [ 8 ]