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The monitoring of warfarin and keeping the international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0, along with avoiding over and under treatment, has driven a search for an alternative. [3] [14] A naturally occurring inhibitor of factor Xa was reported in 1971 by Spellman et al. from the dog hookworm. [15]
Ximelagatran showed good efficacy compared with warfarin in several trials in prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis and as thromboprophylaxis in atrial fibrillation. [1] Development was stopped by manufacturer AstraZeneca , however, because of reports of liver enzyme derangements and liver failure .
Antihypertensive agents comprise multiple classes of compounds that are intended to manage hypertension (high blood pressure). Antihypertensive therapy aims to maintain a blood pressure goal of <140/90 mmHg in all patients, as well as to prevent the progression or recurrence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in hypertensive patients with established CVD. [2]
In 2007, New York-based pharmaceutical giants Bristol-Myers Squibb (NYS: BMY) and Pfizer (NYS: PFE) formed a deal to develop Bristol's anti-clotting drug, apixaban (Eliquis). The partnership hit a ...
Warfarin – a coumarin – with brand name, Coumadin, is a prescription drug used as an anticoagulant to inhibit formation of blood clots, and so is a therapy for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. [9] [10] [11] It may be used to prevent recurrent blood clot formation from atrial fibrillation, thrombotic stroke, and transient ...
Antiplatelet drugs alter the platelet activation at the site of vascular damage crucial to the development of arterial thrombosis. Aspirin and Triflusal irreversibly inhibits the enzyme COX, resulting in reduced platelet production of TXA 2 (thromboxane – powerful vasoconstrictor that lowers cyclic AMP and initiates the platelet release ...
Treatment is focused on reducing stroke episodes and damage from a distending artery. [3] Four treatment modalities have been reported in the treatment of vertebral artery dissection. The two main treatments involve medication: anticoagulation (using heparin and warfarin) and antiplatelet drugs (usually aspirin).
Aspirin plus an oral anticoagulant such as warfarin are suggested for individuals at risk for thromboembolic events. [10] Anticoagulants are also shown to reduce the risk of embolisms [1] [4] when a thrombus is already formed. Heparin, an injectable, fast-acting anticoagulant, is effective in high doses for preventing LVT formation after AMI ...