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  2. Necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessity_and_sufficiency

    In ordinary English (also natural language) "necessary" and "sufficient" indicate relations between conditions or states of affairs, not statements. For example, being a man is a necessary condition for being a brother, but it is not sufficient—while being a man sibling is a necessary and sufficient condition for being a brother.

  3. Biological tests of necessity and sufficiency - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tests_of...

    In other words, when some factor is necessary to cause an effect, it is impossible to have the effect without the cause. [3] X would instead be a sufficient cause of y when the occurrence of x implies that y must then occur. [2] in other words, when some factor is sufficient to cause an effect, the presence of the cause guarantees the ...

  4. Necessary condition analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necessary_Condition_Analysis

    The absence these conditions guarantees the outcome cannot occur, and no other condition can overcome the lack of this condition. Further, necessary conditions are not always sufficient. For example, AIDS necessitates HIV, but HIV does not always cause AIDS. In such instances, the condition demonstrates its necessity but lacks sufficiency.

  5. Causality - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causality

    Causes may sometimes be distinguished into two types: necessary and sufficient. [19] A third type of causation, which requires neither necessity nor sufficiency, but which contributes to the effect, is called a "contributory cause". Necessary causes If x is a necessary cause of y, then the presence of y necessarily implies the prior occurrence ...

  6. Correlation does not imply causation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Correlation_does_not_imply...

    In philosophical terminology, "cause" can refer to necessary, sufficient, or contributing causes. In examining correlation, "cause" is most often used to mean "one contributing cause" (but not necessarily the only contributing cause). Dinosaur illiteracy and extinction may be correlated, but that would not mean the variables had a causal ...

  7. Component causes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_causes

    A component cause is a factor that, along with other component causes, forms a sufficient cause for a disease. A sufficient cause is a complete combination of component causes necessary for the disease to manifest. Diseases result from a chain of causally related events, starting from an initial event to the clinical appearance of the disease.

  8. Causal pie model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_pie_model

    In the field of epidemiology, the causal mechanisms responsible for diseases can be understood using the causal pie model.This conceptual model was introduced by Ken Rothman to communicate how constellations of component causes can lead to a sufficient cause to lead to a condition of interest and that reflection on these sets could improve epidemiological study design.

  9. Mill's methods - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill's_Methods

    Therefore A is the cause, or the effect, or a part of the cause of w. As an example of the method of difference, consider two similar countries. Country A has a centre-right government, a unitary system and was a former colony. Country B has a centre-right government, a unitary system but was never a colony.