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A nephelometer [1] or aerosol photometer [2] is an instrument for measuring the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid or gas colloid. A nephelometer measures suspended particulates by employing a light beam (source beam) and a light detector set to one side (often 90°) of the source beam.
Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example, the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. [1]
The atomic time relates to the orbital period of a ground state electron around a hydrogen atom and is about 24.2 attoseconds. The svedberg is a time unit used for sedimentation rates (usually of proteins). It is defined as 10 −13 seconds (100 fs). The TU (for time unit) is a unit of time defined as 1024 μs for use in engineering.
The temporal mean is the arithmetic mean of a series of values over a time period. Assuming equidistant measuring or sampling times, it can be computed as the sum of the values over a period divided by the number of values. A simple moving average can be considered to be a sequence of temporal means over periods of equal duration.
In an increasing system, the time constant is the time for the system's step response to reach 1 − 1 / e ≈ 63.2% of its final (asymptotic) value (say from a step increase). In radioactive decay the time constant is related to the decay constant ( λ ), and it represents both the mean lifetime of a decaying system (such as an atom) before it ...
the nephelometer: an instrument for estimating the number of bacteria in suspensions used for calculating the opsonic index and for vaccines. joseph mcfarland, m.d. jama. 1907; xlix(14):1176-1178.
Decay time of muons: The time dilation formula is = , where T 0 is the proper time of a clock comoving with the muon, corresponding with the mean decay time of the muon in its proper frame. As the muon is at rest in S′, we have γ=1 and its proper time T′ 0 is measured.
Frequency domain, polyphonic detection is possible, usually utilizing the periodogram to convert the signal to an estimate of the frequency spectrum [4].This requires more processing power as the desired accuracy increases, although the well-known efficiency of the FFT, a key part of the periodogram algorithm, makes it suitably efficient for many purposes.