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SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.
Without an ORDER BY clause, the order of rows returned by an SQL query is undefined. The DISTINCT keyword [5] eliminates duplicate data. [6] The following example of a SELECT query returns a list of expensive books. The query retrieves all rows from the Book table in which the price column contains a value greater
Even the query language of SQL is loosely based on a relational algebra, though the operands in SQL are not exactly relations and several useful theorems about the relational algebra do not hold in the SQL counterpart (arguably to the detriment of optimisers and/or users). The SQL table model is a bag , rather than
Sometimes databases also support alternative syntax for this; for example, MySQL allows omitting the DEFAULT keyword, and T-SQL can use DEFAULT VALUES instead of VALUES(DEFAULT). The DEFAULT keyword can also be used in normal insertion to explicitly fill a column using that column's default value:
SPARQL, a W3C standard declarative query language for querying graph data; Gremlin, another way to query graph data; GQL (Graph Query Language) regular path queries, a theoretical language abstracting away some features of graph query languages; AgensGraph, [18] [19] a PostgreSQL based multi-model Graph database which support cypher syntax
This single physical schema of 3 "columns" is hyperdenormalized in that what would be 1 relational record with 4 fields is now 4 triples with the subject being repeated over and over, the predicate essentially being the column name, and the object being the field value. Although this seems unwieldy, the SPARQL syntax offers these features: 1.
NoSQL systems are also sometimes called "Not only SQL" to emphasize that they may support SQL-like query languages or sit alongside SQL databases in polyglot-persistent architectures. [3] [4] Non-relational databases have existed since the late 1960s, but the name "NoSQL" was only coined in the early 2000s, [5] triggered by the needs of Web 2.0 ...
Coordinates for geometries may be 2D (x, y), 3D (x, y, z), 4D (x, y, z, m) with an m value that is part of a linear referencing system or 2D with an m value (x, y, m). Three-dimensional geometries are designated by a "Z" after the geometry type and geometries with a linear referencing system have an "M" after the geometry type.