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A classification of SQL injection attacking vector as of 2010. In computing, SQL injection is a code injection technique used to attack data-driven applications, in which malicious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker).
An example of how you can see code injection first-hand is to use your browser's developer tools. Code injection vulnerabilities are recorded by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the National Vulnerability Database as CWE-94. Code injection peaked in 2008 at 5.66% as a percentage of all recorded vulnerabilities. [4]
Database normalization is the process of structuring a relational database in accordance with a series of so-called normal forms in order to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity. It was first proposed by British computer scientist Edgar F. Codd as part of his relational model .
Examples of fact data include sales price, sale quantity, and time, distance, speed and weight measurements. Related dimension attribute examples include product models, product colors, product sizes, geographic locations, and salesperson names. A star schema that has many dimensions is sometimes called a centipede schema. [4]
A hierarchical query is a type of SQL query that handles hierarchical model data. They are special cases of more general recursive fixpoint queries, which compute transitive closures. In standard SQL:1999 hierarchical queries are implemented by way of recursive common table expressions (CTEs).
Major DBMSs, including SQLite, [5] MySQL, [6] Oracle, [7] IBM Db2, [8] Microsoft SQL Server [9] and PostgreSQL [10] support prepared statements. Prepared statements are normally executed through a non-SQL binary protocol for efficiency and protection from SQL injection, but with some DBMSs such as MySQL prepared statements are also available using a SQL syntax for debugging purposes.
RBO is slowly being deprecated. For CBO to be used, all the tables referenced by the query must be analyzed. To analyze a table, a DBA can launch code from the DBMS_STATS package. Other tools for query optimization include: SQL Trace [1] Oracle Trace and TKPROF [2] Microsoft SMS (SQL) Execution Plan [3] Tableau Performance Recording (all DB) [4
SQL includes operators and functions for calculating values on stored values. SQL allows the use of expressions in the select list to project data, as in the following example, which returns a list of books that cost more than 100.00 with an additional sales_tax column containing a sales tax figure calculated at 6% of the price.