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Other uses include for dopamine-responsive dystonia (DRD) and restless legs syndrome. [10] [17] [18] Using carbidopa/levodopa may lead to augmentation syndrome, with increasing persistence of restless legs syndrome, and increasing severity. [18] There is tentative evidence that it is useful in amblyopia when used with other treatments. [19]
Carbidopa (Lodosyn) is a drug given to people with Parkinson's disease in order to inhibit peripheral metabolism of levodopa.This property is significant in that it allows a greater proportion of administered levodopa to cross the blood–brain barrier for central nervous system effect, instead of being peripherally metabolised into substances unable to cross said barrier.
New levodopa formulations for use by other routes of administration, such as subcutaneous administration, are being developed. [29] [30] Levodopa prodrugs, with the potential for better pharmacokinetics, reduced fluctuations in levodopa levels, and reduced "on–off" phenomenon, are being researched and developed. [31] [32]
L-DOPA is used medically under the name levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and certain other medical conditions. It is usually used in combination with a peripherally selective aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD) inhibitor such as carbidopa or benserazide. These agents increase the strength and duration of levodopa.
Levodopa is the immediate precursor to dopamine. Entacapone is a selective, reversible catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor that prevents the degradation of levodopa.
Dopamine receptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are prominent in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) and are implicated in many neurological processes, including motivational and incentive salience, cognition, memory, learning, and fine motor control, as well as modulation of neuroendocrine signaling.
[2] [5] It is a fixed-dose combination of foscarbidopa, an aromatic amino acid decarboxylation inhibitor and prodrug for carbidopa; [5] and foslevodopa, an aromatic amino acid and prodrug for levodopa that was developed by AbbVie.
Entacapone together with levodopa and carbidopa allows levodopa to have a longer effect in the brain and reduces Parkinson's disease signs and symptoms for a greater length of time than levodopa and carbidopa therapy alone. [2] Entacapone is a selective and reversible inhibitor of the enzyme catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT). [2]
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