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Bisoprolol, sold under the brand name Zebeta among others, is a beta blocker which is selective for the beta-1 receptor [7] and used for cardiovascular diseases, ...
[14] [15] [16] Bisoprolol, carvedilol, and sustained-release metoprolol are specifically indicated as adjuncts to standard ACE inhibitor and diuretic therapy in congestive heart failure, although at doses typically much lower than those indicated for other conditions. Beta blockers are only indicated in cases of compensated, stable congestive ...
Work by other or unknown mechanisms Contraindicated in ventricular arrhythmias; Adenosine is used to treat supraventricular tachycardias, especially in heart failure and atrial fibrillation [9] Magnesium sulfate is used to treat torsades de pointes, a type of arrhythmia
Figure 1: The chemical structure of dichloroisoprenaline or dichloroisoproterenol (), abbreviated DCI — the first β-blocker to be developed. β adrenergic receptor antagonists (also called beta-blockers or β-blockers) were initially developed in the 1960s, for the treatment of angina pectoris but are now also used for hypertension, congestive heart failure and certain arrhythmias. [1]
In a laboratory experiment conducted on biopsied heart tissue, nebivolol proved to be the most β1-selective of the β-blockers tested, being approximately 3.5 times more β1-selective than bisoprolol. [17]
The formulation that is taken orally comes in short-acting and long-acting versions. [2] Propranolol appears in the blood after 30 minutes and has a maximum effect between 60 and 90 minutes when taken orally. [2] [6] Common side effects include nausea, abdominal pain, and constipation. [2] It may worsen the symptoms of asthma. [2]
Acebutolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker which also considered a partial agonist due to its intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). This means it provides low-grade beta stimulation at rest but acting as typical beta-blockers when sympathetic activity is high. [3]
Betaxolol is most commonly ingested orally alone or with other medications for the management of essential hypertension. [4] It is a cardioselective beta blocker, targeting beta-1 adrenergic receptors found in the cardiac muscle.