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[1] [9] The results of antimicrobial susceptibility tests performed during a given time period can be compiled, usually in the form of a table, to form an antibiogram. [31] [32] Antibiograms help the clinician to select the best empiric antimicrobial therapy based on the local resistance patterns until the laboratory test results are available ...
Zone sizes are measured from the edge of the disk to the end of the clear zone. Interpretation is more complicated in mixed susceptibility populations. These are plotted as linear dimensions or squares of distances as a function of the natural logarithm of antibiotic concentration in the disks.
This is called a D-zone test, or D test. If a 'D' shape is formed around the clindamycin disk (distinguished from a circular zone of inhibition) then the isolate is reported as resistant to clindamycin. [5] This occurs due to erythromycin inducing the bacteria's erm gene, and thus making it resistant to clindamycin (MLS-B phenotype). [6] [7]
Etest is a quantitative technique for determining the MIC of microoganisms. It is used for a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria such as Pseudomonas, [2] [3] Staphylococcus, [4] and Enterococcus species, [5] as well as fastidious bacteria, such as Neisseria and Streptococcus pneumoniae. [1]
Mueller Hinton agar is a type of growth medium used in microbiology to culture bacterial isolates and test their susceptibility to antibiotics. This medium was first developed in 1941 by John Howard Mueller and Jane Hinton, who were microbiologists working at Harvard University.
European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) is a scientific committee for defining guidelines to interpret antimicrobial resistance. [1] It was formed in 1997 and is jointly organized by ESCMID, ECDC and other European laboratories.
McFarland standards. No. 0.5, 1 and 2. In microbiology, McFarland standards are used as a reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the number of bacteria will be within a given range to standardize microbial testing.
In microbiology, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible in vitro growth of bacteria or fungi.