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Hardness comparison. A variety of hardness -testing methods are available, including the Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell, Meyer and Leeb tests. Although it is impossible in many cases to give an exact conversion, it is possible to give an approximate material-specific comparison table for steels.
5.0 HB (pure lead; alloyed lead typically can range from 5.0 HB to values in excess of 22.0 HB) Pure Aluminium: 15 HB Copper: 35 HB Hardened AW-6060 Aluminium: 75 HB Mild steel: 120 HB 18–8 (304) stainless steel annealed: 200 HB [3] Quenched and tempered steel wear plate: 400-700 HB Hardened tool steel: 600–900 HB (HBW 10/3000) Glass: 1550 ...
Plasma cutting is a process that cuts through electrically conductive materials by means of an accelerated jet of hot plasma. Typical materials cut with a plasma torch include steel, stainless steel, aluminum, brass and copper, although other conductive metals may be cut as well. Plasma cutting is often used in fabrication shops, automotive ...
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. [1] Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength, thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance. The crystal structure is typically face-centered cubic ...
Rockwell scale. The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on indentation hardness of a material. The Rockwell test measures the depth of penetration of an indenter under a large load (major load) compared to the penetration made by a preload (minor load). [1] There are different scales, denoted by a single letter, that use different loads or ...
v. t. e. The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate. [1] For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness": for example, syrup has a higher viscosity than water. [2] Viscosity is defined scientifically as a force multiplied by a time divided by an area.
The plasma approximation: The plasma approximation applies when the plasma parameter Λ, [26] representing the number of charge carriers within the Debye sphere is much higher than unity. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] It can be readily shown that this criterion is equivalent to smallness of the ratio of the plasma electrostatic and thermal energy densities.
As originally formulated, the Lawson criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density n e and the "energy confinement time" that leads to net energy output. Later analysis suggested that a more useful figure of merit is the triple product of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature T .