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  2. Fundamental theorem of arithmetic - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_theorem_of...

    The fundamental theorem can be derived from Book VII, propositions 30, 31 and 32, and Book IX, proposition 14 of Euclid 's Elements. If two numbers by multiplying one another make some number, and any prime number measure the product, it will also measure one of the original numbers. — Euclid, Elements Book VII, Proposition 30.

  3. Integer factorization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer_factorization

    Every positive integer greater than 1 is either the product of two or more integer factors greater than 1, in which case it is called a composite number, or it is not, in which case it is called a prime number. For example, 15 is a composite number because 15 = 3 · 5, but 7 is a prime number because it cannot be decomposed in this way.

  4. Prime number theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number_theorem

    All instances of log (x) without a subscript base should be interpreted as a natural logarithm, also commonly written as ln (x) or loge(x). In mathematics, the prime number theorem (PNT) describes the asymptotic distribution of the prime numbers among the positive integers. It formalizes the intuitive idea that primes become less common as they ...

  5. Sieve of Eratosthenes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieve_of_Eratosthenes

    In mathematics, the sieve of Eratosthenes is an ancient algorithm for finding all prime numbers up to any given limit. It does so by iteratively marking as composite (i.e., not prime) the multiples of each prime, starting with the first prime number, 2. The multiples of a given prime are generated as a sequence of numbers starting from that ...

  6. Fermat's factorization method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_factorization_method

    Fermat's factorization method, named after Pierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of an odd integer as the difference of two squares: That difference is algebraically factorable as ; if neither factor equals one, it is a proper factorization of N. Each odd number has such a representation. Indeed, if is a factorization of N, then.

  7. Euclid's theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid's_theorem

    In number theory, Bertrand's postulate is a theorem stating that for any integer >, there always exists at least one prime number such that < <. Equivalently, writing π ( x ) {\displaystyle \pi (x)} for the prime-counting function (the number of primes less than or equal to x {\displaystyle x} ), the theorem asserts that π ( x ) − π ( x 2 ...

  8. Square-free integer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square-free_integer

    In mathematics, a square-free integer (or squarefree integer) is an integer which is divisible by no square number other than 1. That is, its prime factorization has exactly one factor for each prime that appears in it. For example, 10 = 2 ⋅ 5 is square-free, but 18 = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 is not, because 18 is divisible by 9 = 32.

  9. Prime number - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number

    A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers. A natural number greater than 1 that is not prime is called a composite number. For example, 5 is prime because the only ways of writing it as a product, 1 × 5 or 5 × 1, involve 5 itself. However, 4 is composite because it is a ...

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