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Decoupage or découpage ( / ˌdeɪkuːˈpɑːʒ /; [ 1] French: [dekupaʒ]) is the art of decorating an object by gluing colored paper cutouts onto it in combination with special paint effects, gold leaf, and other decorative elements. Commonly, an object like a small box or an item of furniture is covered by cutouts from magazines or from ...
Steelmaking. Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and excess carbon (the most important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon, and vanadium are added to produce ...
(2) The thermal expansion coefficients of concrete and steel are so close (1.0 × 10 −5 to 1.5 × 10 −5 for concrete and 1.2 × 10 −5 for steel) that the thermal stress-induced damage to the bond between the two components can be prevented. (3) Concrete can protect the embedded steel from corrosion and high-temperature induced softening.
Concrete is a composite material composed of aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that cures to a solid over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, [ 1] and is the most widely used building material. [ 2] Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminium combined.
By the end of the twentieth century, steel and concrete construction were themselves becoming the subject of historical investigation. The Construction History Society was formed in the UK in 1982. [30] [failed verification] It produces the only academic international journal devoted to the subject, Construction History, twice annually
Steel offers high tension and shear strength to make up for what concrete lacks. Steel behaves similarly to concrete in changing environments, which means it will shrink and expand with concrete, helping avoid cracking. Rebar is the most common form of concrete reinforcement. It is typically made from steel, manufactured with ribbing to bond ...
Fiber-reinforced concrete or fibre-reinforced concrete ( FRC) is concrete containing fibrous material which increases its structural integrity. It contains short discrete fibers that are uniformly distributed and randomly oriented. Fibers include steel fibers, glass fibers, synthetic fibers and natural fibers [ 1] – each of which lend varying ...
A coating is a covering that is applied to the surface of an object, or substrate. [ 1] The purpose of applying the coating may be decorative, functional, or both. [ 2] Coatings may be applied as liquids, gases or solids e.g. powder coatings . Paints and lacquers are coatings that mostly have dual uses, which are protecting the substrate and ...