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Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...
Marketing. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market ...
Integrated Management Concept. The Integrated Management Concept, or IMC is an approach to structure management challenges by applying a " system-theoretical perspective that sees organisations as complex systems consisting of sub-systems, interrelations, and functions". [1] The most characteristic aspect of the IMC is its distinction between ...
Vertical disintegration refers to a specific organizational form of industrial production. As opposed to vertical integration , in which production occurs within a singular organization, vertical disintegration means that various diseconomies of scale or scope have broken a production process into separate companies, each performing a limited ...
Keiretsu. A keiretsu ( Japanese: 系列, literally system, series, grouping of enterprises, order of succession) is a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings that dominated the Japanese economy in the second half of the 20th century. In the legal sense, it is a type of business group that is in a loosely ...
Quizlet is a multi-national American company that provides tools for studying and learning. [ 1] Quizlet was founded in October 2005 by Andrew Sutherland, who at the time was a 15-year old student, [ 2] and released to the public in January 2007. [ 3] Quizlet's primary products include digital flash cards, matching games, practice electronic ...
A functional organizational structure is a structure that consists of activities such as coordination, supervision and task allocation. The organizational structure determines how the organization performs or operates. The term "organizational structure" refers to how the people in an organization are grouped and to whom they report.
Double marginalization is a vertical externality that occurs when two firms with market power (i.e., not in a situation of perfect competition ), at different vertical levels in the same supply chain, apply a mark-up to their prices. [ 1] This is caused by the prospect of facing a steep demand curve slope, prompting the firm to mark-up the ...